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OBJECTIVE To investigate the allocation of antipsycho tics in regions with different economic levels in Shandong province，and to provide reference for strengthening the management of antipsychotics allocation and promoting the balance of regional allocation. METHODS The procurement information of the secondary and tertiary public medical institutions in Shandong province from 2016 to 2019 was collected from the Drug Centralized Bidding and Procurement Information Platform of Shandong Provincial Medical Institutions. The procurement varieties of antipsychotics ，allocation proportion and procurement cost per 10 000 people were analyzed in area with different economic levels in Shandong province. RESULTS From 2016 to 2019，there were 18 kinds of antipsychotics purchased by secondary and tertiary public medical institutions in Shandong province （9 kinds of first- and second-generation antipsychotics respectively ），and the average number of purchased varieties were 3.50-4.42. The average number of purchased varieties in undeveloped areas （3.59-4.48 kinds）were slightly higher than that in developed areas （3.41-4.36 kinds）. In these four years ，average allocation proportion of antipsychotics was 17.19％，and most of them showed a fluctuating increase （the average annual increase ranged 4.64％-38.34％）. The allocation proportion of second-generation antipsychotics was higher in developed areas than that in undeveloped areas. The purchasing cost per 10 000 people showed an upward trend of fluctuation ， ranging from 2.45 to 7 440.20 yuan. Among the 18 antipsychotics procured from 2016 to 2019，61.11％，61.11％，83.33％ and 72.22％ of them were procured by developed areas with higher procurement costs per 10 000 people than by undeveloped areas. The total procurement cost of essential medicine per 10，000 people in developed areas （11 382.99-39 650.90 yuan）was also higher than that in undeveloped areas （8 353.15-30 561.77 yuan）. CONCLUSIONS The allocation proportion of antipsychotics is low in Shandong province ，and the allocation proportion of second-generation antipsychotics in developed areas are higher than that in undeveloped areas.
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Objective@#To describe the epidemiological characteristics and clinical manifestations of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in pediatric patients, and to provide data support and decision-making basis for the prevention and control of COVID-19.@*Methods@#Cases of children aged 0-17 years reported by provincial health commissions in Anhui, Shandong, Zhejiang and Henan provinces were collected to analyze their spatial, temporal, and demographic distribution.@*Results@#By 24:00 on February 6, 2020, a total of 107 pediatric patients had been reported in the four provinces, accounting for 3.8% (107/2 808) of the total cases reported in the four provinces during the same period. Anhui, Shandong, Zhejiang and Henan provinces had 25, 25, 28 and 29 cases, respectively. Cases ranged in age from 5 days after birth to 17 years, with a median age of 8 years. Boys accounted for 58.9%. Totally 38 cases had a history of sojourn in Wuhan or Hubei, 63 cases had a history of exposure to confirmed cases, and 6 cases with unknown exposure history. A group of 52 family clustering were found in 107 cases. All cases presented mild symptoms, no serious and no death.@*Conclusion@#Children were also susceptible to the COVID-19. Before February 2, the index pediatric cases were mainly the first generation cases, and after February 3, these pediatric cases were mainly the secondary-generation cases and those who had close contact with confirmed cases. The monitoring of children with secondgeneration cases and close contact with COVID-19 cases were valued.
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This study was aimed to assess the methodological quality of systematic literature reviews on the efficacy and safety ofTong-Xin-Luo(TXL) using the AMSTAR statement. The literatures were searched from major domestic and international databases include the CJFD Database, VIP Database, CNKI database, CBM Database Online, WanFang Data and TCM Database, Medline, Pubmed, ISI Web of knowledge, Web of science, from the database was built to 20th December, 2014. And 5 evaluators screened the literatures independently according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Then, all systematic reviews were assessed using the list of AMSTAR statement. The results showed that 22 literatures were finally included, which contained 17 systematic reviews and 5 meta-analysis. In the included literatures, there were different degrees of impairments on the methodological and reporting quality, which were mainly focused on program and registration, retrieving and collecting literatures, inclusion and exclusion criteria, authentic assessment, data processing, funds, and etc. The average reporting rate of AMSTAR statement was 57.02% in all included literatures. It was concluded that the methodological quality of systematic literature reviews on the efficacy and safety of TXL was relatively low from the current level of average reported rate, which affected the quality of the article. It indicated that there were different degrees of impairments in all links of test reports in current systematic reviews, which will be bound to affect the reliability of clinical evidence and the determination of clinical decision. It showed that the methodological quality of writing of such articles should be in compliance with entries of AMSTAR statement to improve its quality.
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Objective To evaluate the role of spinal sigma-1 receptors in the maintenance of bone cancer pain (BCP) in rats and the relationship with extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK).Methods Part Ⅰ Twenty-four female Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 180-220 g,were randomized into 2 groups using a random number table:sham operation group (S group,n =4) and BCP group (n =20).BCP was induced by inoculating Walker 256 mammary gland carcinoma cells into the medullary cavity of the right tibia.Four rats were sacrificed on day 10 after inoculation in S group or on day 3,5,7,10 and 14 after inoculation in BCP group,and the L4-6 segments of the spinal cord were removed to measure the expression of sigma-1 receptors by Western blot.Part Ⅱ Forty female Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 180-220 g,were randomized into 4 groups (n =10 each) using a random number table:sham operation group (S group),sigma-1 receptor inhibitor BD1047 group (BD group),BCP group,and BCP + BD1047 group (BCP + BD group).On day 10 to 14 after inoculation,normal saline 20 μl was injected intrathecally once a day in S and BCP groups,or BD1047 120 nmol/20μl was injected intrathecally once a day in BD and BCP + BD groups.Mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MWT) to yon Frey filament stimulation was measured one day before inoculation,on day 3,5 and 7 after inoculation,and on day 10,12 and 14 after administration.After measurement of MWT on day 14 after inoculation,the rats were sacrificed and the L4-6 segments of the spinal cord were removed to determine the expression of phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK) by Western blot.Results Part Ⅰ Compared with group S,the expression of sigma-1 was significantly up-regulated and peaked on day 10 after operation in group BCP.Part Ⅱ Compared with S group,no significant changes were found in MWT and p-ERK expression at each time point in BD group,and MWT was decreased and p-ERK expression was up-regulated in BCP and BCP + BD groups.Compared with group BCP,after intrathecal injection of BD1047,MWT was significantly increased and the expression of p-ERK was down-regulated in BCP + BD group.Conclusion Spinal sigma-1 receptors are involved in the maintenance of BCP in rats possibly through promoting phosphorylation of ERK.